End Notes

If you are here, no doubt you are looking for the source material used in the book and have followed the instructions to head to this website page. Below you will find the full list of End Notes used in the book, and also hyperlinks to the original source material or article quoted.
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INTRODUCTION

PART 1

p11 ; One study of primates ; McNally, L., & Jackson A.L., 'Cooperation creates selection for tactical deception', Proc. R. Soc. B., 2013, vol. 280 link= https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rspb.2013.0699 p11 ; Researchers placed hidden cameras ; Talwar V., Lee K., 'Social and cognitive correlates of children's lying behavior', Child Development, 2008, vol. 79, pp. 866-881 link= https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3483871/ p12 ; a dinosaur because it ‘felt purple.’ ; in Bhattacharjee, Y., 'Why we lie: The science behind our deceptive ways', National Geographic, June 2017 link= https://www.nationalgeographic.com/magazine/article/lying-hoax-false-fibs-science p12 ; 60 per cent of teenagers tell up to five lies a day. ; Debey, E., De Schryver, M., Logan, G.D., et al., 'From junior to senior Pinocchio: A cross-sectional lifespan investigation of deception', Acta Psychologica, 2015, vol. 160, pp. 58-68 link= https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0001691815300184 p13 ; ‘Only with the rise of Puritan morality ; Arendt, H. Between Past and Future: Eight Exercises in Political Thought, Viking Press, 1968, p.232 link= https://german.yale.edu/sites/default/files/arendt.truth_and_politicslying_in_politics.pdf p13 ; ‘. . . all governments rest on opinion.’ ; in Arendt, p.233 link= https://german.yale.edu/sites/default/files/arendt.truth_and_politicslying_in_politics.pdf p14 ; Crikey published a dossier of 27 ; Fray, Peter & Beecher, Eric, '‘Without truth, no democracy can stand’: Why we are calling out the prime minister', Crikey, 25 May 2021 link= https://www.crikey.com.au/2021/05/25/why-are-we-doing-this-scott-morrison/ p15 ; ‘At an early age, he had the glory of conceiving ; The Independent Chronicle and the Universal Advertiser, 29 May 1800, quoted in Emily Sneff 'May Highlight: An Instrument which will Perpetuate the Fame of its Author', Declaration Resources Project, Harvard University, 4 May 2016 link= https://declaration.fas.harvard.edu/blog/may-propaganda p16 ; ‘a fabrication intended to damp the festivity ; 'A Federal Bore', American Citizen and General Advertiser, New York, NY: July 5, 1800, quoted in Sneff link= https://declaration.fas.harvard.edu/blog/may-propaganda p16 ; ‘is it the Fourth?’ ; Martin, R., 'Jefferson's Last Words', Thomas Jefferson Encyclopedia, 1988, Monticello.org link= https://www.monticello.org/site/research-and-collections/jeffersons-last-words p17 ; New York Times described ‘would be divorced from religiousness ; Steinhauer, Jennifer, 'Confronting ghosts of 2000 in South Carolina', The New York Times, 19 October 2007 link= https://www.nytimes.com/2007/10/19/us/politics/19mccain.html p18 ; ‘A popular Government, without popular information ; James Madison to W. T. Barry, August 4, 1822. Manuscript/Mixed Material. Library of Congress link= https://www.loc.gov/resource/mjm.20_0155_0159/

p41 ; The Antebellum Puzzle ; Craig, L., 'Antebellum puzzle: The decline in heights at the onset of modern economic growth', in J. Komlos and I.R. Kelly (eds), The Oxford Handbook of Economics and Human Biology, Oxford University Press, 2015, pp.750-764 link=https://www.oxfordhandbooks.com/view/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199389292.001.0001/oxfordhb-9780199389292-e-12 p41 ; Malthusian trap ; Malthus, T., & James, P., An Essay on the Principle of Population, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2008 link= https://www.econlib.org/library/Malthus/malPlong.html p42 ; If you take a bale of hay ; Wolfe, Tom. 'The Tinkerings of Robert Noyce: How the Sun Rose on the Silicon Valley', Esquire Magazine, December 1983, pp. 346-374 p43 ; a full CD-ROM’s worth of storage ; Hilbert, M., & López, P., 'The world's technological capacity to store, communicate, and compute information', Science, 2011, vol. 332, 60-5 link= http://diyhpl.us/~bryan/papers2/computer-science/The%20world%27s%20technological%20capacity%20to%20store,%20communicate%20and%20compute%20information%20-%202011.pdf p43 ; more than 19,000 per person. ; Holst, Arne, 'Volume of data/information created, captured, copied, and consumed worldwide from 2010 to 2025(in zettabytes)', Statista, June 2021 link= https://www.statista.com/statistics/871513/worldwide-data-created/ p43 ; grown 58 per cent per year on average ; Hilbert & López, 2011 p44 ; the majority of the world’s population ; International Telecommunication Union, 'Individuals using the Internet (% of population)' World Telecommunication/ICT Indicators Database, 2019 link= https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/IT.NET.USER.ZS p45 ; cost the airline $150 million ; Walsh, Willie, 'BA faces £80m cost for IT failure that stranded 75,000 passengers', Financial Times, 16 June 2017 link= https://www.ft.com/content/98367932-51c8-11e7-a1f2-db19572361bb p45 ; ‘technology of freedom’ ; De Sola Pool, I., Technologies of Freedom, Belknap Press, 1983 p46 ; the ‘Declaration of the Independence of Cyberspace.’ ; Barlow, John Perry, ‘Declaration of the Independence of Cyberspace', 8 February 1996 link= https://www.eff.org/cyberspace-independence

p48 ; I now write of the unfortunate Dardanelles ; Murdoch, K.M., & Ashmead-Bartlett, E., Gallipoli letter from Keith Arthur Murdoch to Andrew Fisher, 1915 [manuscript], National Library of Australia, 1915 link= https://nla.gov.au/nla.obj-231555472/view p50 ; The last war, during the years of 1915, 1916, 1917 ; quoted in Knightley, P., The First Casualty. From the Crimea to Vietnam: The War Correspondent as Hero, Propagandist and Myth Maker, New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1975, p.79 p50 ; ‘More deliberate lies were told ; Knightley, p.80 p51 ; ‘such knowledge as was theirs inspired silence.’ ; The History of the Times 1785-1948, vol. 4, London: The Times, 1935-52, p.228 p51 ; ‘if the war correspondents in France ; Knightley, p.103 p52 ; ‘Orchestra Pit Principle’ ; Ailes, R. Interview with Judy Woodruff in David Runkel (ed.) Campaign for President: The Managers Look at '88, Auburn House, 1989 p52 ; ‘sweaty, shifty-eyed ; Junod, Tom, 'Why Does Roger Ailes Hate America?', Esquire, February 2011 link= https://www.esquire.com/news-politics/a9248/roger-ailes-0211/ p52 ; ‘If Richard Nixon was alive today, ; Junod, 2011 link= https://www.esquire.com/news-politics/a9248/roger-ailes-0211/ p53 ; It’s a shame a man has to use gimmicks ; Junod, 2011 link= https://www.esquire.com/news-politics/a9248/roger-ailes-0211/ p53 ; In 2011, a journalist was trawling ; The journalist, John Cook, published his original article about this on the now-defunct Gawker website, 'Roger Ailes' Secret Nixon-Era Blueprint for Fox News', 30 June 2011 link= https://web.archive.org/web/20110703091148/http://gawker.com/5814150/roger-ailes-secret-nixon+era-blueprint-for-fox-news p53 ; ‘A Plan for Putting the GOP on TV News, ; 'A Plan for Putting the GOP on the TV News', Richard Nixon Presidential Library, 1970 link= https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/5024551-A-Plan-for-Putting-the-GOP-on-the-News p54 ; 40 per cent lower in April 2021 ; Johnson, Ted, 'Cable News Network Viewership Continued To Drop In April Vs. 2020. Fox News Tops Primetime And Total Day', Deadline, 27 April 2021 link= https://deadline.com/2021/04/cable-news-viewership-drops-across-the-board-in-april-1234745199/ p54 ; ‘a 24/7 political campaign. ; Quoted in Dickinson, Tim, 'How Roger Ailes Built the Fox News Fear Factory', Rolling Stone, 9 June 2011 link= https://www.rollingstone.com/politics/politics-news/how-roger-ailes-built-the-fox-news-fear-factory-244652/ p55 ; business road trips with his living room curtains ; in Van Ogtrop, K., Did I Say That Out Loud? Little, Brown Spark, 2021 p55 ; company beach picnic ; D’Anastasio, Cecilia, 'The secret history of a fleeting pre-internet digital media channel', Vice, 3 April 2017 link= https://www.vice.com/en/article/z4ymn8/time-teletext-pre-internet-digital-media p56 ; fallen below where it had been in 1950 ; Perry, Mark J., 'Creative destruction: Newspaper ad revenue continued its precipitous free fall in 2014, and it’s likely to continue', American Enterprise Institute, 30 April 2015 link= https://www.aei.org/carpe-diem/creative-destruction-newspaper-ad-revenue-continued-its-precipitous-free-fall-in-2014-and-its-likely-to-continue/ p56 ; Classifieds, worth $3.7 billion ; Australian Competition and Consumer Commission, Digital Platforms Inquiry – Final Report, June 2019, p.17 (Inflation adjusted to 2018) link= https://www.accc.gov.au/system/files/Digital%20Platforms%20Inquiry%20-%20Final%20report%20-%20part%201.pdf p56 ; 92% have been from the loss of classified ads ; AlphaBeta Australia, Australian Media Landscape Trends September 2020 link= https://alphabeta.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/australian-media-landscape-report.pdf p56 ; a majority of all US‌ advertising ; Hagey, Keach and Vranica, Suzanne, 'How covid-19 supercharged the advertising ‘triopoly’ of Google, Facebook and Amazon', Wall Street Journal, 19 March 2021 link= https://www.wsj.com/articles/how-covid-19-supercharged-the-advertising-triopoly-of-google-facebook-and-amazon-11616163738 p57 ; Table ; Based on an original table by Mark J. Perry on the American Enterprise Institute blog. link=https://www.aei.org/carpe-diem/creative-destruction-newspaper-ad-revenue-continued-its-precipitous-free-fall-in-2014-and-its-likely-to-continue/ ;; Additional information has been sourced from Pew Research, State of the News Media, 2020, company SEC filings, and News Media Alliance data link= https://www.pewresearch.org/journalism/fact-sheet/newspapers/ p59 ; number five on the top ten list of publisher rankings ; NewsWhip, 'Top social publishers August 2013: Sharing way up for all publishers, and BuzzFeed on Top', 26 September 2013 link= https://web.archive.org/web/20131031142414/http://blog.newswhip.com/index.php/2013/09/social-publishers p59 ; We have a custom click testing system ; 'What tools does Upworthy employ to test its headlines?', question on Quora, 2014 link= https://www.quora.com/What-tools-does-Upworthy-employ-to-test-its-headlines p59 ; The Atlantic called the efforts ; Thompson, Derek, 'Upworthy: I thought this website was crazy, but what happened next changed everything', The Atlantic, 14 November 2013 link= https://www.theatlantic.com/business/archive/2013/11/upworthy-i-thought-this-website-was-crazy-but-what-happened-next-changed-everything/281472/ p60 ; In May 2021 they had more than 70 million ; NewsWhip, 'These were the top publishers on Facebook in May 2021', 10 June 2021 link= https://www.newswhip.com/2021/06/top-publishers-facebook-may-2021/ p61 ; in 1983 approximately 90 per cent ; Bagdikian, B.H., The Media Monopoly, Boston: Beacon Press,1990 p62 ; nearly 2000 newspapers have closed ; Abernathy, P.M., The Expanding News Desert, University of North Carolina Press, 2018 link= https://www.cislm.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/The-Expanding-News-Desert-10_14-Web.pdf p62 ; behind only the state-run media giants ; Noam, E., & The International Media Concentration Collaboration, Who Owns the World's Media?: Media Concentration and Ownership around the World, Oxford University Press, 2016 link= https://oxford.universitypressscholarship.com/view/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199987238.001.0001/acprof-9780199987238 p62 ; News Corp, controls about 70 per cent ; Noam, E. 2016. Subsequent to this report News Corp bought a further 5% of Australia's circulation link= https://www.abc.net.au/news/2021-04-14/fact-file-rupert-murdoch-media-reach-in-australia/100056660 p62 ; Australia lost more than 2,000 newsroom ; Warren, Christopher, ‘2020 was a record year for journo job losses. What comes next?’, Crikey, 15 December 2020 link=https://www.crikey.com.au/2020/12/15/journalism-job-losses-2020/ p63 ; ‘Prologue to a Farce or a Tragedy’ ; James Madison to W. T. Barry, 1822 p63 ; less likely to vote ; Hayes, D., & Lawless, J.L., 'As local news goes, so goes citizen engagement: Media, knowledge, and participation in US House elections,' The Journal of Politics, April 2015, vol.77, no. 2, pp. 447-462 link=https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/abs/10.1086/679749 p63 ; less politically informed ; PEN America, Losing the News: The Decimation of Local Journalism and the Search for Solutions, 20 November 2019 link= https://pen.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/Losing-the-News-The-Decimation-of-Local-Journalism-and-the-Search-for-Solutions-Report.pdf p63 ; less likely to run for office ; Rubado, M.E., & Jennings, J.T., 'Political consequences of the endangered local watchdog: Newspaper decline and mayoral elections in the United States', Urban Affairs Review, April 2019 link=https://urbanaffairsreview.com/2020/09/23/political-consequences-of-the-endangered-local-watchdog-newspaper-decline-and-mayoral-elections-in-the-united-states/ p63 ; local taxes going up ; Gao, P., Lee, C., & Murphy, D., 'Financing dies in darkness? The impact of newspaper closures on public finance', Journal of Financial Economics, February 2019 link=http://www.pbcsf.tsinghua.edu.cn/research/gaopengjie/paper/Financing%20dies%20in%20darkness_%20The%20impact%20of%20newspaper%20closures%20on%20public%20finance.pdf p63 ; With the decline of local news... ; PEN America, 2019 link= https://pen.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/Losing-the-News-The-Decimation-of-Local-Journalism-and-the-Search-for-Solutions-Report.pdf p64 ; It was a local paper, the Illawarra Mercury ; O’Shea, M. ‘Rocky times: Local Australian newspapers are merging, closing and losing circulation which leaves scandals unreported’, Index on Censorship, 2019, vol. 48(1), pp. 57–59 link= https://www.abc.net.au/news/2019-12-08/local-council-sackings-do-ratepayers-need-councillors/11747478 p64 ; 21 ‘news deserts’ ; Australian Competition and Consumer Commission, 2019 link= https://www.accc.gov.au/system/files/Digital%20Platforms%20Inquiry%20-%20Final%20report%20-%20part%201.pdf p64 ; 73 per cent of them ; Hayes, P., et al, 'Joining the dots: using social media to connect to more vulnerable Victorians during emergencies', Australian Journal of Emergency Management, Monograph, 2019, No.4, pp. 154-163 link= https://www.bnhcrc.com.au/sites/default/files/managed/downloads/peter_hayes.pdf p64 ; less likely to be vaccinated ; Jennings, W., et al, 'Lack of trust and social media echo chambers predict COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy', medRxiv, 26 January 2021 link= https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.26.21250246v1.full-text

p69 ; We will prioritise posts ; 'Bringing people closer together', Facebook, 12 January 2018 link= https://about.fb.com/news/2018/01/news-feed-fyi-bringing-people-closer-together/ p70 ; designers of the social platforms ; Wardle, Claire, 'Misinformation has created a new world disorder', Scientific American, September 2019 link= https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/misinformation-has-created-a-new-world-disorder/ p70 ; 9/11 were to happen ; Wardle, 2019 p72 ; 300 things you had ‘liked’ ; Youyou, W., Kosinski, M., & Stillwell, D., 'Computer-based personality judgments are more accurate than those made by humans', Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Jan 2015, vol.112 (4), pp.1036-1040 link= https://www.pnas.org/content/112/4/1036 p73 ; ‘cyber-balkanisation’ ; Sunstein, C., Republic.com, Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 2001 p73 ; ‘sites of memory.’ ; Pierre, N., “Between memory and history: Les lieux de mémoire', Representations, 1989, no. 26, pp. 7–24 p74 ; They traced his radicalisation ; Roose, Kevin, 'The making of a YouTube radical', The New York Times, 8 June 2019 link= https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2019/06/08/technology/youtube-radical.html p75 ; We can really lead the users ; Roose, 2019 link= https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2019/06/08/technology/youtube-radical.html p76 ; ‘We’ve democratized propaganda, ; Warzel, Charlie, 'There was no midterm misinformation crisis because we've democratized propaganda', BuzzFeed News, 7 November 2018 link= https://www.buzzfeednews.com/article/charliewarzel/midterms-fake-news-apocalypse-facebook-twitter p76 ; ‘Our political conversations are now ; Warzel, 2018 p76 ; A leaked presentation in 2018 ; Horwitz, Jeff, & Seetharaman, Deepa, 'Facebook executives shut down efforts to make the site less divisive', The Wall Street Journal, 26 May 2020 link= https://www.wsj.com/articles/facebook-knows-it-encourages-division-top-executives-nixed-solutions-11590507499 p76 ; insiders told the Wall Street Journal ; Horwitz and Seetharaman, 2020 p77 ; It seems significant, ; Arendt, p.232 p77 ; it was never meant to deceive literally everyone ; Arendt, p.253 p77 ; Seen from the viewpoint of politics ; Arendt, p.241

PART 2

p89 ; ‘We removed 3,104 accounts ; Twitter Safety [@twittersafety], 'Transparency is...' Twitter, 2 April 2020 link= https://twitter.com/twittersafety/status/1245682436828286976?lang=en p90 ; ‘Jobs Not Mobs’ ; Collins, Keith, & Roose, Kevin, 'Tracing a meme from the Internet’s fringe to a Republican slogan', The New York Times, 4 November 2018 link= https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2018/11/04/technology/jobs-not-mobs.html p93 ; Graham’s study shows the origins ; Graham, Timothy, 'The story of #DanLiedPeopleDied: how a hashtag reveals Australia’s ‘information disorder’ problem', The Conversation, 14 August 2020 link= https://theconversation.com/the-story-of-danliedpeopledied-how-a-hashtag-reveals-australias-information-disorder-problem-144403 p94 ; Timeline of #DanLiedPeopleDied ; Image: Dr Timothy Graham, QUT p97 ; people spreading arson rumours ; Graham, Timothy, & Keller, Tobias R., 'Bushfires, bots and arson claims: Australia flung in the global disinformation spotlight', The Conversation, 10 January 2020 link= https://theconversation.com/bushfires-bots-and-arson-claims-australia-flung-in-the-global-disinformation-spotlight-129556 p97 ; bots latch onto official government feeds ; Ryan Ko, 'Meet ‘Sara’, ‘Sharon’ and ‘Mel’: why people spreading coronavirus anxiety on Twitter might actually be bots', The Conversation, 1 April 2020* *not an April Fools joke link= https://theconversation.com/meet-sara-sharon-and-mel-why-people-spreading-coronavirus-anxiety-on-twitter-might-actually-be-bots-134802 p98 ; Sara and Sharon ; Image: Professor Ryan Ko, UQ p99 ; bots affect information flows ; Woolley, S.C. & Guilbeault, D., 'United States: Manufacturing consensus online,' in S. Woolley and Howard, P.N. (eds), Computational Propaganda: Political Parties, Politicians, and Political Manipulation on Social Media, Oxford University Press, 2019 link= https://oxford.universitypressscholarship.com/view/10.1093/oso/9780190931407.001.0001/oso-9780190931407-chapter-9 p99 ; Caroline Orr ; Orr, Caroline, 'Twitter bots boosted the trending #TrudeauMustGo hashtag', National Observer, 18 July 2019 link= https://www.nationalobserver.com/2019/07/18/news/twitter-bots-boosted-trending-trudeaumustgo-hashtag p99 ; ‘#TrudeauCorruption ; Golberg, Geoff, 'Justin Trudeau targeted on Twitter (Yet again)', Medium, 6 September 2019 link= https://geoffgolberg.medium.com/justin-trudeau-targeted-on-twitter-yet-again-cf7ab38677ff p100 ; the French #MacronLeaks disinformation ; Ferrara, E. et al, 'The rise of social bots', Communications of the ACM, 2016, vol.59(7), pp. 96-104 link=https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/2818717 p100 ; In the time it has taken you ; knightfoundation.org/features/misinfo link= https://knightfoundation.org/features/misinfo/

p101 ; told Sarah Koenig ; Koenig, Sarah, 'Forgive us our press passes', Episode 468: Switcheroo, This American Life, 29 June 2012 link= https://www.thisamericanlife.org/468/transcript p102 ; People didn’t think much about the beef ; Tarkov, Anna, 'Journatic worker takes ‘This American Life’ inside outsourced journalism', Poynter, 30 June 2012 link= https://www.poynter.org/reporting-editing/2012/journatic-staffer-takes-this-american-life-inside-outsourced-journalism/ p102 ; 85 per cent‌ of Americans trusted ; Gallup/Knight Foundation, State of Public Trust in Local News, 29 October 2019 link= https://kf-site-production.s3.amazonaws.com/media_elements/files/000/000/440/original/State_of_Public_Trust_in_Local_Media_final_.pdf p102 ; a Pew survey ; Pew Research Center, Trust and Distrust in America, 22 July 2019 link= https://www.pewresearch.org/politics/2019/07/22/americans-struggles-with-truth-accuracy-and-accountability/ p103 ; The Knight Foundation conducted a ; Hindman, Matthew & Barash, Vladimir, Disinformation, ‘Fake News’ and Influence Campaigns on Twitter, The Knight Foundation, October 2018 link= https://s3.amazonaws.com/kf-site-legacy-media/feature_assets/www/misinfo/kf-disinformation-report.0cdbb232.pdf p104 ; 450 news websites ; Bengani, Priyanjana, 'Hundreds of ‘pink slime’ local news outlets are distributing algorithmic stories and conservative talking points', Tow Center Reports, Columbia Journalism Review, 18 December 2019 link= https://www.cjr.org/tow_center_reports/hundreds-of-pink-slime-local-news-outlets-are-distributing-algorithmic-stories-conservative-talking-points.php p104 ; ‘propaganda ordered up by dozens ; Alba, Davey & Nicas, Jack, 'As local news dies, a pay-for-play network rises in Its place', The New York Times, 18 October 2020 link= https://www.nytimes.com/2020/10/18/technology/timpone-local-news-metric-media.html p105 ; The different websites are nearly indistinguishable ; Sokotoff, Dominick & Sourine, Katherina, 'Pseudo local news sites in Michigan reveal nationally expanding network', The Michigan Daily, 1 November 2019 link= https://www.michigandaily.com/community-affairs/pseudo-local-news-sites-michigan-reveal-nationally-expanding-network/ p105 ; Jeanne Ives ; Federal Election Committe filiings for 'Jeanne for Congress', p.89 link= https://www.fec.gov/data/committee/C00712794/ p105 ; Kelli Ward ; Schwartz, Jason & Musgrave, Shawn, 'Kelli Ward touts endorsement from fake-news site', Politico, 14 February 2018 link= https://www.politico.com/story/2018/02/14/arizona-senate-kelli-ward-fake-news-407281 p106 ; The GOP and the far right ; Memo: 'ACRONYM News Corp 2019-2020 Rapid Build Plan' 20 June 2019 link= https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/6771809-Screenshot-PDF.html p108 ; Another guy told the actual Washington Post ; Dewey, Caitlin 'Facebook fake-news writer: ‘I think Donald Trump is in the White House because of me’', The Washington Post, 17 November 2016 link= https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-intersect/wp/2016/11/17/facebook-fake-news-writer-i-think-donald-trump-is-in-the-white-house-because-of-me/ p109 ; Elvis Kafui ; Thompson, Sarah, 'Fact check: As of March 7, 2020, Tanzania and Zambia had not confirmed first cases of coronavirus', Lead Stories, 7 March 2020 link= https://leadstories.com/hoax-alert/2020/03/fact-check-tanzania-confirms-first-case-of-coronavirus---mcm.html p110 ; Frimp Eunuch ; Image: Lead Stories p111 ; A group of Yale researchers ; Pennycook, G. & Rand, D.G., 'Lazy, not biased: Susceptibility to partisan fake news is better explained by lack of reasoning than by motivated reasoning', Cognition, 2019, Vol.188, pp. 39-50 link= https://static1.squarespace.com/static/51ed234ae4b0867e2385d879/t/5b43b48b03ce6471753c78ba/1531163796071/2018+Pennycook+Rand+-+Cognition.pdf p111 ; emergent propaganda state’ ; Mosby, Ray, 'Trump, InfoWars, Breitbart and the emergent propaganda state', Clarion Ledger, 1 June 2018 link= https://www.clarionledger.com/story/opinion/columnists/2018/06/01/trump-infowars-breitbart-and-emergent-propaganda-state/663337002/

p118 ; We got a message from one of our folks ; in Riedl, M.J., et al. 'Reverse-engineering political protest: the Russian Internet Research Agency in the Heart of Texas', Information, Communication & Society, 2021 link= https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/1369118X.2021.1934066?journalCode=rics20 p119 ; I just basically did what I always do. ; in Riedl et al p119 ; released samples of 3,000 Facebook ads ; U.S. House of Representatives Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence. Exposing Russia’s effort to sow discord online: The Internet Research Agency and advertisements. 2018 (images in this secton are also taken from this report) link= https://intelligence.house.gov/social-media-content/ p119 ; ‘Apparently somebody there was smart enough ; in Riedl et al p120 ; Image: Evidence of the simultaneous protests ; Source: US House Intelligence Committee link= https://intelligence.house.gov/social-media-content/social-media-advertisements.htm p120 ; Appealing to divisive issues ; in Riedl et al p121 ; You think we are living in 2016 ; quoted in Ignatius, David, 'Russia’s radical new strategy for information warfare', The Washington Post, 18 January 2017 link= https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/post-partisan/wp/2017/01/18/russias-radical-new-strategy-for-information-warfare/ p122 ; Image: Russian ads ; Source: US Senate Intelligence Committee link=https://www.intelligence.senate.gov/sites/default/files/documents/exhibits-080118.pdf p123 ; $35 million USD operating budget ; Criminal Complaint: United States of America v Elena Alekseevna Khusyaynova, US District Court, 28 September 2018 link= https://www.justice.gov/usao-edva/press-release/file/1102591/download p123 ; ‘industrial machines in a modern propaganda factory’‌ ; Linvill, D.L. & Warren, P.L., 'Troll factories: Manufacturing specialized disinformation on Twitter', Political Communication, 2020, vol.37(4), pp. 447-467 link= https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10584609.2020.1718257 p123 ; Secondary Infektion’ ; Nimmo, B., et al, Exposing Secondary Infektion, Graphika, 2020 link= https://secondaryinfektion.org/downloads/secondary-infektion-report.pdf p124 ; ‘Frau Chancellor ; Post by user 'demomanz' in the 'r/germany' thread on Reddit 10 April 2017 link= https://www.reddit.com/r/germany/comments/64ig7s/chancellor_of_germany_and_female_alcoholism/ p124 ; Something rather newsworthy happened ; From a post 'Topic: Flowers for Kim Jong-un or Operation White Chrysanthemum' on military-quotes.com 10 November 2017 link= https://www.military-quotes.com/forum/flowers-kim-jong-un-operation-t120365.html p125 ; both correlate with spikes ; Sear, Tom & Jensen, Michael, 'Russian trolls targeted Australian voters on Twitter via #auspol and #MH17', The Conversation, 22 August 2018 link= https://theconversation.com/russian-trolls-targeted-australian-voters-on-twitter-via-auspol-and-mh17-101386 p125 ; Troll accounts attempted to influence ; Ackland, R., Jensen, M., O'Neil, M., Submission to the Senate Select Committee on Foreign Interference through Social Media, Canberra: News & Media Research Centre, University of Canberra 2020 p127 ; Every morning, Tamara ; Oxenham, Simon, 'I was a Macedonian fake news writer', BBC, 29 May 2019 link= https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20190528-i-was-a-macedonian-fake-news-writer

pp129-131;poll numbers in this section; Pew Research Center poll conducted June 4-10 2020 link=https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2020/07/24/a-look-at-the-americans-who-believe-there-is-some-truth-to-the-conspiracy-theory-that-covid-19-was-planned/ ;;NPR/Ipsos poll conducted between December 21-22, 2020 link=https://www.ipsos.com/en-us/news-polls/npr-misinformation-123020 ;;PRRI/IFYC poll conducted between March 8-30, 2021 link=https://www.prri.org/research/prri-ifyc-covid-vaccine-religion-report/ p129 ; In Australia, it’s 34 per cent ; The Essential Report, 26 September 2017 link= https://www.essentialvision.com.au/wp-content/uploads/2017/09/Essential-Report_260917.pdf p130 ; no innate correlation ; Moore, Alfred, Parent, Joseph & Uscinksi, Joseph, 'Conspiracy theories aren’t just for conservatives',Washington Post, 21 August 2014 link= https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/monkey-cage/wp/2014/08/21/conspiracy-theories-arent-just-for-conservatives/ p131 ; conspiratorial thinking can be pulled ; in Stanton, Zack, 'You’re living in the golden age of conspiracy theories', Politico, 17 June 2020 link= https://www.politico.com/news/magazine/2020/06/17/conspiracy-theories-pandemic-trump-2020-election-coronavirus-326530 p132 ; hate words from the White House’ ; Rayman, Graham & Boyer, Trevor 'Accused killer of Gambino mob boss was influenced by hate speak from White House and internet - lawyer', NY Daily News, 25 March 2019 link= https://www.nydailynews.com/new-york/nyc-crime/ny-accused-killer-of-reputed-staten-island-mobster-ordered-held-withou-20190325-j75fixbvlrat5ix3bovmdzotuy-story.html p132 ; QAnon is a baseless internet conspiracy ; Wong, Julia Carrie, 'QAnon explained: the antisemitic conspiracy theory gaining traction around the world', The Guardian, 26 August 2020 link= https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2020/aug/25/qanon-conspiracy-theory-explained-trump-what-is p133 ; at least 315 times ; Kaplan, Alex, 'Trump has repeatedly amplified QAnon Twitter accounts', Media Matters for America, 11 January 2021 link= https://www.mediamatters.org/twitter/fbi-calls-qanon-domestic-terror-threat-trump-has-amplified-qanon-supporters-twitter-more-20 p133 ; Morrison even appeared to use ; Hardaker, David, 'Scott Morrison’s conspiracy-theorist friend claims he has the PM’s ear — and can influence what he says', Crikey, 31 October 2019 link=https://www.crikey.com.au/2019/10/31/scott-morrison-qanon/ p133 ; ‘No one knows where it came from,’ ; Hardaker, David, 'PM defied his own expert panel during apology speech to child sex abuse survivors', Crikey, 18 November 2019 link= https://www.crikey.com.au/2019/11/18/scott-morrison-qanon-apology-advice/ p134 ; ‘I think Scott is going to do it!’ ; Event Zero TV, '#MateGate Scott Morrison was introduced to his wife Jen by Lynelle Stewart...', Facebook, 27 July 2019 link= https://www.facebook.com/watch/?v=822677231460532 p134 ; to draw otherwise sane people in ; Warner, Melanie, 'The geophysicist who stormed the capitol', Politico, 11 June 2021 link= https://www.politico.com/news/magazine/2021/06/11/jeffrey-sabol-capitol-riot-jan-6-radicalization-491975 p135 ; Gesturing to his guests, he said ; Landler, Mark, 'A message sent, to whom or about what is not exactly clear', The New York Times, 7 October 2017 © 2017 The New York Times Company. All rights reserved. Used under license. link= https://www.nytimes.com/2017/10/06/us/politics/trump-calls-meeting-with-military-leaders-the-calm-before-the-storm.html p136 ; SUBJECT: Walnut sauce? ; 'Re: Walnut sauce?', WikiLeaks link= https://wikileaks.org/podesta-emails/emailid/21969 p138 ; Q Clearance Patriot ; Anonymous post on the 'Calm before the Storm' thread on the /pol/ 4chan message board, 2 November 2017 link= https://archive.4plebs.org/pol/thread/147547939/ p139 ; fourth only behind ; Gallagher, Aoife, Davey, Jacob & Hart, Mackenzie, 'The genesis of a conspiracy theory', Institute for Strategic Dialogue, 2020 link= https://www.isdglobal.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/The-Genesis-of-a-Conspiracy-Theory.pdf p140 ; What caught my eye ; Hon, A. interview with Charlie Warzel, 'Is QAnon the most dangerous conspiracy theory of the 21st century?', The New York Times, 4 August 2020 link= https://www.nytimes.com/2020/08/04/opinion/qanon-conspiracy-theory-arg.html p141 ; the number of Twitter followers ; Levine, Jon, 'Twitter purge decimates GOP senators after Capitol riot, but Democrats gain' , NY Post, 16 January 2021 link= https://nypost.com/2021/01/16/gop-loses-twitter-followers-after-capitol-riot-but-democrats-gain/ p141 ; Pauline Hanson lost 4 per cent ; Taylor, Josh, 'One nation MPs lost more followers than other Australian politicians in Twitter purge of QAnon accounts', The Guardian, 20 January 2021 link= https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2021/jan/20/one-nation-mps-lost-more-followers-than-other-australian-politicians-in-twitter-purge-of-qanon-accounts p142 ; For a far greater plague is ; Marcus Aurelius Meditations Book 9 Part II link= http://files.libertyfund.org/files/2133/Aurelius_1464_LFeBk.pdf p142 ; One historian estimated ; Kerr, M., ''An alteration in the human countenance’: Inoculation, vaccination, and the face of smallpox in the age of Jenner', in J. Reinarz and K.P. Siena (eds), A Medical History of Skin, London: Pickering & Chatto, 2013, p.131 p143 ; Ann Davis ; Eisen, Erica X, '“The mark of the beast” Georgian Britain’s anti-vaxxer movement', The Public Domain Review, 28 April 2021 link= https://publicdomainreview.org/essay/the-mark-of-the-beast-georgian-britains-anti-vaxxer-movement p143 ; An Anti-Vaccine Society pamphlet ; Image: 'Edward Jenner vaccinating patients in the Smallpox and Inoculation Hospital at St. Pancras: the patients develop features of cows.' Coloured etching by J. Gillray, 1802. Source: Wellcome Collection. (CC BY-NC 4.0) link=https://wellcomecollection.org/works/dsu7wxau p143 ; The Creator stamped ; Halket, W., Compulsory Vaccination!! A Crime Against Nature!!, London: G. Meyers, 1870 link= https://books.google.com.au/books?id=juPu5sF1wLUC&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false p144 ; it ranked second only to fear ; Offit, P.A., The Cutter Incident: How America’s First Polio Vaccine Led to the Growing Vaccine Crisis, Yale University Press, 2005 p144 ; parents watched anxiously ; Carroll, Sean B., 'The Denialist Playbook', Scientific American, 8 November 2020 link= https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/the-denialist-playbook/ p145 ; There is much that can be done ; in Homola, S., Bonesetting, Chiropractic, and Cultism. A Critical Study of Chiropractic, Florida: Critique Books, 1963 link= https://quackwatch.org/chiropractic/rb/bcc/9-2/ p145 ; ‘The test tube fight against polio ; Frame, F.D., 'Has the test tube fight against polio failed?', Journal of the National Chiropractic Association, March 1959 link= https://quackwatch.org/chiropractic/rb/bcc/9-2/ p145 ; Your thoughtful consideration ; In Homola, 1963 p145 ; tracked how anti-vaccination attitudes ; Surveys are listed in Stephen Barrett MD, 'Chiropractors and Immunization', Quackwatch, 10 March 2016 link= https://quackwatch.org/chiropractic/dd/chiroimmu/ p146 ; Chiropractic Board of Australia ; Chiropractic Board of Australia, 'Statement on advertising', 7 March 2016 link= https://www.chiropracticboard.gov.au/news/2016-03-07-statement-on-advertising.aspx p146 ; 2020 Connecticut law ; Schulson, Michael , 'With legislation looming, chiropractors get political on vaccines', Undark, 11 April 2020 link= https://undark.org/2020/04/11/chiropractor-vaccine-exemptions/ p147 ; 6.2 per cent in the UK ; Loomba, S. et al, 'Measuring the impact of COVID-19 vaccine misinformation on vaccination intent in the UK and USA', Nat Hum Behav, 2021, vol.5, pp. 337–348 link= https://www.nature.com/articles/s41562-021-01056-1#citeas p147 ; They built a disinformation campaign ; Nazar, S. & Pieters T., 'Plandemic revisited: A product of planned disinformation amplifying the COVID-19 “infodemic”', Frontiers in Public Health, 2021, vol.9 link= https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpubh.2021.649930/full p148 ; just 111 accounts ; Dwoskin, Elizabeth, 'Massive Facebook study on users’ doubt in vaccines finds a small group appears to play a big role in pushing the skepticism', The Washington Post, 14 March 2021 link= https://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2021/03/14/facebook-vaccine-hesistancy-qanon/ p148 ; advocacy group Avaaz ; Avaaz, Facebook's Algorithm: A Major Threat to Public Health, 19 August 2020 link= https://secure.avaaz.org/campaign/en/facebook_threat_health/ p148 ; 38 times ; Wolfe, Daniel & Dale, Daniel, ''It's going to disappear': A timeline of Trump's claims that Covid-19 will vanish', CNN, 31 October 2020 link= https://edition.cnn.com/interactive/2020/10/politics/covid-disappearing-trump-comment-tracker/ p148 ; Between March and July 2020 ; Hamilton, L. C. & Safford, T. G., ‘Elite cues and the rapid decline in trust in science agencies on COVID-19’, Sociological Perspectives, 2021 link= https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/07311214211022391 p149 ; greater among Trump supporters ; NPR/PBS NewsHour/Marist poll conducted 3-8 March 2021 link= https://maristpoll.marist.edu/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/NPR_PBS-NewsHour_Marist-Poll_USA-NOS-and-Tables_202103091124.pdf p150 ; Center for Countering Digital Hate ; The Center for Countering Digital Hate, Pandemic Profiteers: The business of anti-vaxx, 2021 link= https://252f2edd-1c8b-49f5-9bb2-cb57bb47e4ba.filesusr.com/ugd/f4d9b9_13cbbbef105e459285ff21e94ec34157.pdf

p152 ; ‘The sooner our politicians ; Moses, Asher, 'Obama's web strategist to advise Rudd', The Sydney Morning Herald, 13 February 2009 link= https://www.smh.com.au/technology/obamas-web-strategist-to-advise-rudd-20090213-gdtd5c.html p154 ; Listen, liberals. ; Roose, Kevin, 'What if Facebook is the real ‘Silent majority’?’, The New York Times, 27 August 2020 link= https://www.nytimes.com/2020/08/27/technology/what-if-facebook-is-the-real-silent-majority.html p156 ; ‘We can’t remove all of it ; Timberg, Craig, 'How conservatives learned to wield power inside Facebook', The Washington Post, 20 February 2020 link= https://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2020/02/20/facebook-republican-shift/ p156 ; ‘reality has a well-known ; Originally from Stephen Colbert's famous in-character roast of George W. Bush from only feet away during the 2006 White House Correspodents' Dinner, the high water mark of all political satire. link= https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6ZnuYKKtpxg p156 ; As Thomas Mann said ; Mann, Thomas & Ornstein, Norman J., 'Let’s just say it: The Republicans are the problem', The Washington Post, 27 April 2012 link= https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/lets-just-say-it-the-republicans-are-the-problem/2012/04/27/gIQAxCVUlT_story.html?tid=a_inl_manual p159 ; Most engaged-with political stories ; Source: NewsWhip Spike from 28 May to 4 June 2021 p160 ; a conservative Hollywood executive ; Nguyen, Tina, ''Let me make you famous': How Hollywood invented Ben Shapiro', Vanity Fair, 9 December 2018 link= https://www.vanityfair.com/news/2018/12/how-hollywood-invented-ben-shapiro p161 ; Top Web Publishers ; Source: NewsWhip API from April 2021 link= https://www.newswhip.com/2021/05/top-publishers-facebook-april-2021/ p161 ; a cesspool of bigotry and hatred ; Campbell, Jason, 'The Daily Wire is a cesspool of bigotry and hatred', Media Matters for America, 7 August 2019 link= https://www.mediamatters.org/daily-wire/daily-wire-cesspool-hatred-and-bigotry p162 ; Legum identified ; Legum, Judd, 'Facebook allows prominent right-wing website to break the rules', Popular Information, 28 October 2019 link= https://popular.info/p/facebook-allows-prominent-right-wing p162 ; ‘an ordinary American couple ; About Us' , Mad World News website link= https://madworldnews.com/about/ p163 ; Facebook engagement per article ; Source: Judd Legum, Popular Information pp162-165 ; Sky News audience figures in this section:; 'Sky News reports record 2020 audience growth', Media Week, 1 December 2020 link=https://www.mediaweek.com.au/sky-news-reports-record-2020-audience-growth-all-hours-all-days/ ;;'Sky News Australia is reaching more than one third of Australians every month across its network', Sky News Australia, 21 July 2021 link=https://www.skynews.com.au/business/media/sky-news-australia-is-reaching-more-than-one-third-of-australians-every-month-across-its-network/news-story/edfdc6e4fddb5687fe6c96baa6d528b3" ;;Wilson, Cam, '‘In digital, the right-wing material is 24/7’: How Sky News quietly became Australia’s biggest news channel on social media', Business Insider, 6 November 2020 link=https://www.businessinsider.com.au/sky-news-australia-biggest-social-media-channel-culture-wars-2020-11 ;;Sky News Australia, YouTube Channel link= https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCO0akufu9MOzyz3nvGIXAAw p164 ; Facebook posts from their Page ; Wilson, Cam, '‘In digital, the right-wing material is 24/7’: How Sky News quietly became Australia’s biggest news channel on social media', Business Insider, 6 November 2020 link= https://www.businessinsider.com.au/sky-news-australia-biggest-social-media-channel-culture-wars-2020-11 p165 ; Have a look at Sky News YouTube ; Samios, Zoe, 'Alan Jones column pulled from The Daily Telegraph amid anti-lockdown, COVID-19 controversies', The Sydney Morning Herald, 29 July 2021 link= https://www.smh.com.au/business/companies/alan-jones-column-pulled-from-the-daily-telegraph-amid-anti-lockdown-covid-19-controversies-20210729-p58dxd.html p165 ; ‘I can be derided, ; Robson, Frank, 'By George! The controversies of an Australian government MP', SBS, 24 August 2017 link= https://www.sbs.com.au/topics/life/feature/george-controversies-australian-government-mp p167 ; messages from multiple sources ; Harkins, S. G. & Petty, R. E., 'Information utility and the multiple source effect', Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 1987, vol.52, pp. 260–268 p168 ; ‘filter bubble’ ; See Pariser, Eli, 'The truth needs better marketing', TEDxPoynterInstitute, 2013 link= https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-WvhFXxORis p169 ; There were days when ; Coppins, McKay, 'The 2020 disinformation war', The Atlantic, March 2020 link= https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2020/03/the-2020-disinformation-war/605530/ p170 ; ‘We live in two different countries ; Roose, 2020 link= https://www.nytimes.com/2020/08/27/technology/what-if-facebook-is-the-real-silent-majority.html p170 ; Cambridge Analytica ; In Coppins, 2020 p170 ; He took hundreds of fake news sites ; Albright, Johnathan, 'The #Election2016 micro-propaganda machine', Medium, 18 November 2016 link= https://d1gi.medium.com/the-election2016-micro-propaganda-machine-383449cc1fba#.14h9hafbd p171 ; They have created a web ; In Cadwalladr, Carole, 'Google, democracy and the truth about internet search', The Guardian, 4 December 2016 link= https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2016/dec/04/google-democracy-truth-internet-search-facebook p171 ; two-thirds of people ; Horwitz and Seetharaman, 2020 p175 ; Louise Staley’s bizarre press release ; Louise Staley MP, 'Premier owes Victorians some simple answers', Press Release issued 7 June 2021 link= https://www.louisestaley.com.au/local-news/premier-owes-victorians-some-simple-answers

PART 3

p180 ; 70 per cent of Trump’s statements ; Politifact, The Poynter Institute link= https://web.archive.org/web/20161104133726/https://www.politifact.com/personalities/donald-trump/ p181 ; Extra Mile Casting agency ; Crouch, Aaron & McDermott, Emmet, 'Donald Trump campaign offered actors $50 to cheer for him at presidential announcement', The Hollywood Reporter, 17 June 2015 link= https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/politics-news/donald-trump-campaign-offered-actors-803161/ p182 ; ‘Nope,’ Zucker was said to have replied. ; Mahler, Johnathan, ‘That is great television’, The New York Times, 9 April 2017, p.40 link= https://www.nytimes.com/2017/04/04/magazine/cnn-had-a-problem-donald-trump-solved-it.html p183 ; $5.8 billion ; Mahler, 2017 p184 ; Was Facebook responsible ; Bosworth, Andrew, 'Thoughts on 2020', post on Facebook, 8 January 2020 link= https://www.facebook.com/boz/posts/10111288357877121 p185 ; Stanford researchers counted 30 million shares ; Allcott, H. & Gentzkow, M., 'Social media and fake news in the 2016 election', Journal of Economic Perspectives, Spring 2017, vol. 31(2), pp. 211–236 link= http://web.stanford.edu/~gentzkow/research/fakenews.pdf p185 ; 171 million tweets ; Bovet, A. & Makse, H.A., 'Influence of fake news in Twitter during the 2016 US presidential election', Nature Communications, 2019, vol.10(7) link= https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-018-07761-2 p185 ; 20 per cent‌ of the entire Twitter conversation ; Bessi, A. & Ferrara, E., 'Social bots distort the 2016 U.S. Presidential election online discussion', First Monday, 2016, vol. 21(11) link= https://firstmonday.org/ojs/index.php/fm/article/view/7090 p185 ; examined 25,000 messages ; Howard, P.N. et al, 'Junk news and bots during the U.S. election: What were Michigan voters sharing over Twitter?', COMPROP Data Memo 2017.1, Oxford, UK: Project on Computational Propaganda, 2017 link= https://demtech.oii.ox.ac.uk/wp-content/uploads/sites/93/2017/03/What-Were-Michigan-Voters-Sharing-Over-Twitter-v2.pdf p186 ; using actual fake news headlines ; Pennycook, G., Cannon, T. D., & Rand, D. G., 'Prior exposure increases perceived accuracy of fake news', Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 2018, vol. 147(12), pp. 1865–1880 link= https://doi.org/10.1037/xge0000465 p187 ; We know because we’ve ; Green, Joshua & Issenberg, Sasha, 'Inside the Trump bunker, with days to go', Bloomberg BusinessWeek, 27 October 2016 link= https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2016-10-27/inside-the-trump-bunker-with-12-days-to-go p187 ; Channel 4 ; Channel 4 News Investigations Team, 'Revealed: Trump campaign strategy to deter millions of Black Americans from voting in 2016', 4 News, 28 September 2020 link= https://www.channel4.com/news/revealed-trump-campaign-strategy-to-deter-millions-of-black-americans-from-voting-in-2016 p187 ; Ohio State University ; Gunther, Richard, Beck, Paul A. & Nisbet, Erik C., 'Fake news did have a significant impact on the vote in the 2016 election', Ohio State University, March 2018 link= https://cpb-us-w2.wpmucdn.com/u.osu.edu/dist/d/12059/files/2015/03/Fake-News-Piece-for-The-Conversation-with-methodological-appendix-11d0ni9.pdf p187 ; Washington Post hypothetical rerun ; Blake, Aaron, 'A new study suggests fake news might have won Donald Trump the 2016 election', The Washington Post, 3 April 2018 link= https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-fix/wp/2018/04/03/a-new-study-suggests-fake-news-might-have-won-donald-trump-the-2016-election/ p188 ; I think I had come from ; Interview with Michael Isikoff, 'The Trump effect, one year on', Web Summit 2017, 8 November 2017 link= https://www.facebook.com/watch/?v=1597885086944196 p188 ; ‘Madison Avenue gimmickry’ ; Arendt, H., Crises of the Republic: Lying in Politics, Civil Disobedience on Violence, Thoughts on Politics, and Revolution, Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 1972, p.31 p189 ; largest data-gathering operations ; Speech to California Republican Party State Convention, 7 September 2019 link= https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=paWROivvYpc&t=266s p189 ; 3,000 data points ; Broderick, Timmy, 'Watch golf? Own guns? Trump data team has ads just for you', Christian Science Monitor, 17 December 2019 link= https://www.csmonitor.com/USA/Politics/2019/1217/Watch-golf-Own-guns-Trump-data-team-has-ads-just-for-you

p191 ; I won the election ; Image: Deepa Seetharaman link= https://twitter.com/dseetharaman/status/1328804506138673152 p192 ; Election Integrity Partnership ; Election Integrity Partnership, The Long Fuse: Misinformation and the 2020 Election, Stanford Digital Repository, 2021 link= https://purl.stanford.edu/tr171zs0069 p193 ; Iranian disinformation campaign ; 'Removing more coordinated inauthentic behavior from Iran and Russia', Facebook Newsroom, 21 October 2019 link= https://about.fb.com/news/2019/10/removing-more-coordinated-inauthentic-behavior-from-iran-and-russia/ p194 ; focused in the cities with the largest ; Summers, Juana, 'Trump push to invalidate votes in heavily black cities alarms civil rights groups', NPR, 24 November 2020 link= https://www.npr.org/2020/11/24/938187233/trump-push-to-invalidate-votes-in-heavily-black-cities-alarms-civil-rights-group p196 ; ‘shamelessly embraced disinformation ; Ghaffary, Shirin, 'How fake news aimed at Latinos thrives on social media', Recode, 19 November 2020 link= https://www.vox.com/recode/21574293/social-media-latino-voters-2020-election p197 ; Latinos used more ; Pew Research Center, Social Media Use in 2018, poll conducted 3-10 January 2018 link= https://www.pewresearch.org/internet/wp-content/uploads/sites/9/2018/02/PI_2018.03.01_Social-Media_FINAL.pdf p197 ; Avaaz asked members ; Avaaz, WhatsApp: Social Media's Dark Web', 26 April 2019 link= https://avaazimages.avaaz.org/Avaaz_SpanishWhatsApp_FINAL.pdf p198 ; EquisLabs ; EquisLabs, 2020 Post-Mortem PART ONE: Portrait of a Persuadable Latino, April 2021 link= https://static1.squarespace.com/static/5d30982b599bde00016db472/t/60668f2a28dee76b4ffebc73/1617334072783/Equis+Post-Mortem+Part+One+%28Public+Deck%29+%281%29.pdf p199 ; a 2015 analysis ; Sunlight Foundation, 'Capitol Words' analysis, 2015 p199 ; We need to find and identify ; Viser, Matt, 'Inside the ‘malarkey factory,’ Biden’s online war room', The Washington Post, 19 October 2020 link= https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/biden-trump-campaign-disinformation/2020/10/18/99774228-0fdd-11eb-8074-0e943a91bf08_story.html

p203 ; Absentee voting figures: ; Survey of the Performance of American Elections, 'How We Voted in 2020', MIT Election Data and Science Lab, February 2020 link= http://electionlab.mit.edu/sites/default/files/2021-03/HowWeVotedIn2020-March2021.pdf p203 ; 85 point difference ; Rakich, Nathaniel & Mithani, Jasmine, 'What absentee voting looked like in all 50 States', FiveThirtyEight, 9 February 2021 link= https://fivethirtyeight.com/features/what-absentee-voting-looked-like-in-all-50-states/ p203 ; ‘Champagne corks remain ; Coper, Ed, 'Why we are still waiting for the US election result', Australian Financial Review, 4 November 2020 link= https://www.afr.com/world/north-america/why-we-are-still-waiting-for-the-us-election-result-20201104-p56bhr p203 ; The AFR View ; The AFR View, 'US on the brink of four more years of Trump?', Australian Financial Review, 4 November 2020 link= https://www.afr.com/world/north-america/america-on-the-brink-of-four-more-years-of-trump-20201104-p56bbw p205 ; 68 per cent—believing ; Reuters/Ipsos opinion poll conducted 13-17 November 2020 link= https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-election-poll-idUSKBN27Y1AJ p205 ; participatory disinformation. ; Kate Starbird keynote address, 'A Changed Landscape: Conceptual and Institutional Foundations of the Conservative Dilemma', The Conservative Dilemma conference, GWU Institute for Data, Democracy & Politics, 4 May 2021 link= https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-ASzPcCcynI p206 ; ALERT: Radical Liberals & Dems ; Romm, Tony & Stanley-Becker, Isaac, 'Trump-associated firm tied to unmarked texts urging vote protests in Philadelphia', The Washington Post, 6 November 2020 link= https://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2020/11/06/trump-text-messages-philadelphia/ p206 ; ‘Stop the Steal is a highly coordinated ; Kuznia, Rob, et al, 'Stop the Steal's massive disinformation campaign connected to Roger Stone', CNN, 14 November 2020 link= https://edition.cnn.com/2020/11/13/business/stop-the-steal-disinformation-campaign-invs/index.html p207 ; Image: Participatory Disinformation ; Source: Kate Starbird, University of Washington Human Centered Design & Engineering, and Center for an Informed Public. link= https://www.cip.uw.edu/2021/05/26/participatory-disinformation-kate-starbird/ ;; And a great Twitter thread on it link= https://twitter.com/katestarbird/status/1390408145428643842 p208 ; They have their own version of YouTube ; Helderman, Rosalind S., et al, 'Inside the ‘shadow reality world’ promoting the lie that the presidential election was stolen', The Washington Post, 24 June 2021 link= https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2021/06/24/inside-shadow-reality-world-promoting-lie-that-presidential-election-was-stolen/ p209 ; Zoe Lofgren published ; The epic 1939 page detailed takedown of her colleagues is well worth a browse on her website: Zoe Lofgren, 'Social Media Review: Members of the U.S. House of Representatives who voted to overturn the 2020 presidential election', 2021 link= https://lofgren.house.gov/socialreview p209 ; Starbird called it ; Starbird, 2021 link= https://iddp.gwu.edu/conservative-dilemma p209 ; ‘Facebook does not believe ; Facebook Submission to the Joint Standing Committee on Electoral Matters, Inquiry into and report on all aspects of the conduct of the 2019 Federal Election and matters related thereto, 8 October 2019 link= https://www.aph.gov.au/DocumentStore.ashx?id=77c96820-3a40-4670-afba-3677e861a93d&subId=671217 p209 ; An internal report ; Silverman, Craig, Mac, Ryan & Lytvynenko, Jane, 'Facebook knows it was used to help incite the Capitol insurrection', BuzzFeed News, 22 April 2021 link= https://www.buzzfeednews.com/article/craigsilverman/facebook-failed-stop-the-steal-insurrection p210 ; 61 per cent of Republicans ; Reuters/Ipsos poll conducted 17-19 May 2021 link= https://www.ipsos.com/sites/default/files/ct/news/documents/2021-05/Ipsos%20Reuters%20Topline%20Write%20up-%20The%20Big%20Lie%20-%2017%20May%20thru%2019%20May%202021.pdf p210 ; County Clerk for Houghton, Michigan ; Helderman et al, 2021

PART 4

p224 ; A bat and a ball costs $1.10 total. ; Kahneman, D., & Frederick, S., 'Representativeness revisited: Attribute substitution in intuitive judgment', In T. Gilovich, D. Griffn, & D. Kahneman (eds), Heuristics and biases: The psychology of intuitive judgment, 2002, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 49–82 p225 ; ‘by inflating its triggering stimuli ; Crockett, M.J. 'Moral outrage in the digital age'. Nature Human Behavior 1, 2017. 769–771 link= https://doi.org/10.1038/s41562-017-0213-3 p226 ; by ‘nudging’ people ; Pennycook, G., et al, 'Fighting COVID-19 misinformation on social media: Experimental evidence for a scalable accuracy nudge intervention,' PsyArXiv, 17 Mar. 2020 link= https://psyarxiv.com/uhbk9/ p226 ; social engagement metrics can strongly ; Avram, M., et al, 'Exposure to social engagement metrics increases vulnerability to misinformation', Harvard Kennedy School (HKS) Misinformation Review, 2020 link= https://doi.org/10.37016/mr-2020-033 p226 ; seeing an article one time ; Effron, D.A, Raj, M., 'Misinformation and morality: Encountering fake-news headlines makes them seem less unethical to publish and share', Psychological Science, 2020, vol. 31(1), pp. 75-87 link= https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0956797619887896 p227 ; Trump supporters are more likely ; Swire, B., et al, 'Processing political misinformation: comprehending the Trump phenomenon', Royal Society Open Science, 2017 link= https://doi.org/10.1098/rsos.160802 p227 ; famous Milgram experiments ; Milgram, S., 'Behavioral study of obedience', The Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 1963, vol. 67(4), pp. 371–378 link= https://doi.org/10.1037/h0040525 p227 ; when we read fake news ; Martel, C., Pennycook, G. & Rand, D.G., 'Reliance on emotion promotes belief in fake news', Cognitive Research, 2020, vol. 5(47) link= https://doi.org/10.1186/s41235-020-00252-3 p228 ; likely to provoke emotion ; Crockett, 2017 p228 ; robots accelerated the spread ; Vosoughi, 2018

p229 ; backfire effect ; Nyhan, B. & Reifler, J., 'When corrections fail: The persistence of political misperceptions', Political Behavior, 2010, vol. 32(2), pp. 303–330 link= https://cpb-us-e1.wpmucdn.com/sites.dartmouth.edu/dist/5/2293/files/2021/03/nyhan-reifler.pdf p230 ; death panels ; Nyhan, B. & Reifler, J., 'Ubel PA. The hazards of correcting myths about health care reform', Med Care, 2013, vol.51(2), pp. 127-32 link= https://doi.org/10.1097/mlr.0b013e318279486b p230 ; safety and efficacy of vaccines ; Nyhan, B., et al, 'Effective messages in vaccine promotion: a randomized trial', Pediatrics, 2014, vol. 133(4) link= https://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/133/4/e835 p231 ; There is some pushback ; For a good summary of the debate, see: Swire-Thompson, B., DeGutis, J. & Lazer, D., 'Searching for the backfire effect: Measurement and design considerations', Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition, 2020, Vol.9(3) link= https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jarmac.2020.06.006. p231 ; recommending frequent repetition ; Ecker, U.K.H., Hogan, J.L., & Lewandowsky, S., 'Reminders and repetition of misinformation: Helping or hindering its retraction?', Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition, 2017, 6(2), 185-192 link= https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S2211368116301838?via%3Dihub p231 ; Strengthening of the initial misinformation ; Cook et al, 2014 p232 ; the ‘Asch experiment’ ; Asch, S.E., 'Effects of group pressure on the modification and distortion of judgments', In H. Guetzkow (ed), Groups, Leadership and Men, Pittsburgh, PA: Carnegie Press, 1951, pp. 177–190 link= https://www.gwern.net/docs/psychology/1952-asch.pdf p233 ; Dartmouth and Princeton ; Hastorf, A. H., & Cantril, H., 'They saw a game: a case study', The Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 1954, vol. 49(1), pp. 129–134 link= https://www2.psych.ubc.ca/~schaller/Psyc590Readings/Hastorf1954.pdf p235 ; militia in Beirut ; Vallone R.P., Lepper, R.L., 'The hostile media phenomenon: Biased perception and perceptions of media bias in coverage of the Beirut massacre', Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 1985, vol. 49(3), pp. 577-85 link= https://www.ssc.wisc.edu/~jpiliavi/965/hwang.pdf

p236 ; downloading similar songs ; Salganik, M., Dodds, P. & Watts, D., 'Experimental study of inequality and unpredictability in an artificial cultural market', Science, 2006, vol. 311, pp. 854-856 link= https://www.princeton.edu/~mjs3/salganik_dodds_watts06_full.pdf p236 ; belief in conspiracy theories ; Miller, J.M., Saunders, K.L. & Farhart, C.E., 'Conspiracy endorsement as motivated reasoning: The moderating roles of political knowledge and trust', American Journal of Political Science, 2016, vol. 60, pp. 824-844 link= https://doi.org/10.1111/ajps.12234 p237 ; 15 per cent of Trump fans ; Schaffner, B.F. & Luks, S., 'Misinformation or expressive responding? What an inauguration crowd can tell us about the source of political misinformation in surveys', Public Opinion Quarterly, 2018, Vol. 82(1), pp. 135–147 link= https://doi.org/10.1093/poq/nfx042 ;; And a great article on their research link= https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/monkey-cage/wp/2017/01/25/we-asked-people-which-inauguration-crowd-was-bigger-heres-what-they-said/ p237 ; Can you spot the difference? ; Image: REUTERS/Lucas Jackson (L), Stelios Varias/Alamy Stock Photo p238 ; For members of the public ; Kahan, D., 'Why we are poles apart on climate change', Nature, 2012, vol. 488, p. 255 link= https://doi.org/10.1038/488255a p239 ; An Australian study ; Aird, M.J., et al, 'Does truth matter to voters? The effects of correcting political misinformation in an Australian sample', Royal Society Open Science, 2018 link= https://doi.org/10.1098/rsos.180593 p240 ; The need to belong to a tribe ; North, S., Piwek, L. & Joinson, A., 'Battle for Britain: Analyzing events as drivers of political tribalism in Twitter discussions of Brexit', Policy & Internet, 2021, vol. 13, pp. 185-208 link= https://doi.org/10.1002/poi3.247 p241 ; we have become a set of tribes ; Hawkins, S., et al, 'Hidden tribes: A study of America’s polarized landscape', More in Common, 2018 link= https://hiddentribes.us/media/qfpekz4g/hidden_tribes_report.pdf p241 ; a ‘blue lie.’ ; Fu, G., et al, 'Lying in the name of the collective good: a developmental study', Developmental Science, 2008, vol. 11(4), pp. 495–503 link= https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-7687.2008.00695.x p241 ; Dylann Roof ; Hersher, Rebecca, 'What happened when Dylann Roof asked Google for information about race?', NPR, 10 January 2017 link= https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2017/01/10/508363607/what-happened-when-dylann-roof-asked-google-for-information-about-race p242 ; Rachel Bernstein told WIRED ; DiResta, Renee, 'Online Conspiracy Groups Are a Lot Like Cults', WIRED, 13 November 2018 link= https://www.wired.com/story/online-conspiracy-groups-qanon-cults/ p243 ; black swan ; Taleb, N., The Black Swan: The Impact of the Highly Improbable, New York: Random House, 2007, p1 Prologue p243 ; ‘There are people who would ; Nichols, T., The Death of Expertise: The Campaign Against Established Knowledge and Why it Matters, Oxford University Press, 2017 p244 ; Italian researchers ; Zollo F. et al, 'Debunking in a world of tribes', PLoS ONE, 2017, vol.12(7) link= https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0181821 p245 ; deradicalisation experts ; Archetti, C., 'Terrorism, communication and new media: Explaining radicalization in the digital age', Perspectives on Terrorism, 2015, vol. 9(1), pp. 49-59 link= https://www.jstor.org/stable/26297326?seq=1#metadata_info_tab_contents

PART 5

p256 ; George Lakoff ; Lakoff, G., Don't Think of an Elephant! : Know Your Values and Frame the Debate: The Essential Guide for Progressives, White River Junction, VT.: Chelsea Green Pub. Co., 2004 p259 ; cognitive psychologists have shown this can work ; Ecker, et al, 2017 link= https://psycnet.apa.org/record/2017-27490-014 p259 ; it can be safe to repeat misinformation ; Ecker, U.K.H., Lewandowsky, S. & Chadwick, M., 'Can corrections spread misinformation to new audiences? Testing for the elusive familiarity backfire effect', Cognitive Research, 2020, vol. 5(41) link= https://cognitiveresearchjournal.springeropen.com/articles/10.1186/s41235-020-00241-6 p259 ; the more familiar a piece of disinformation ; Pennycook, 2018 link= https://psycnet.apa.org/doiLanding?doi=10.1037%2Fxge0000465 p259 ; Myth-busting familiarises people ; Berinsky, A., 'Rumors and health care reform: Experiments in political misinformation', British Journal of Political Science, 2017, vol. 47(2), pp. 241-262 link= https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007123415000186 p260 ; more pronounced in older people ; Skurnik, I., et al, 'How warnings about false claims become recommendations', Journal of Consumer Research, 2005, vol.31(4), pp. 713-724 link= https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/426605 p260 ; biased social media feeds ; Luzsa, R., & Mayr, S., 'False consensus in the echo chamber', Cyberpsychology: Journal of Psychosocial Research on Cyberspace, 2021, vol. 15(3) link= https://doi.org/10.5817/CP2021-1-3 p260 ; 5G conspiracy ; Image: World Health Organization p261 ; A man has planned to meet a girl ; Heider, F. & Simmel, M., 'An experimental study of apparent Behavior', The American Journal of Psychology, 1944, vol. 57(2), pp. 243–259 link= http://cs.uky.edu/~sgware/reading/papers/heider1944experimental.pdf p262 ; researchers in Poland ; Szpitalak, M. & Polczyk, R., 'Warning against warnings: Alerted subjects may perform worse. Misinformation, involvement and warning as determinants of witness testimony', Polish Psychological Bulletin, 2010, vol. 41, pp. 105-112 link= http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10059-010-0014-2 p263 ; ‘We’ll allow people to share ; Mark Zuckerberg, Facebook Post, Facebook, 27 June 2020 link= https://www.facebook.com/zuck/posts/10112048980882521 p263 ; another false post without a label ; Pennycook, et al, 'The Implied Truth Effect', 2020 p263 ; ‘hoax’ and ‘bullshit.’ ; Christian, Jon, 'Is there any hope for Facebook's fact-checking efforts?', The Atlantic, 19 September 2017 link= https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2017/09/facebook-fact-checking-challenges/540192 p263 ; the well-intentioned ‘trigger warning’ ; Jones, P. J., Bellet, B.W., & McNally, R.J., 'Helping or harming? The effect of trigger warnings on individuals with trauma histories', Clinical Psychological Science, 2020, vol. 8(5), pp. 905–917 link= https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/2167702620921341 p264 ; its own developers admitted ; Smith, Jeff, Jackson, Grace & Raj, Seetha, 'Facebook design: 'Designing against misinformation'', Medium, 20 December 2017 link= https://medium.com/facebook-design/designing-against-misinformation-e5846b3aa1e2 p264 ; an average of 28 days ; Avaaz, Left Behind: How Facebook is neglecting Europe's infodemic, 20 April 2021 link= https://avaazimages.avaaz.org/facebook_neglect_europe_infodemic_report.pdf p265 ; more than 21,000 times ; Zakrzewski, Cat, 'Twitter flags video retweeted by President Trump as ‘manipulated media’', The Washington Post, 9 March 2020 link= https://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2020/03/08/twitter-flags-video-retweeted-by-president-trump-manipulated-media/ p265 ; ‘to bypass the gatekeepers of free speech’ ; From the Plandemic website, now archived p266 ; The MIT Technology Review ; Ohlheiser, Abby, 'Twitter’s ban almost doubled attention for Biden story', MIT Technology Review, 16 October 2020 link= https://www.technologyreview.com/2020/10/16/1010644/twitter-ban-hunter-biden-emails-backfires p267 ; Creepy Uncle Joe Biden ; Kwan, Victoria, 'When does reporting become a megaphone for disinformation?', First Draft, 14 August 2019 link= https://firstdraftnews.org/articles/when-does-reporting-become-a-megaphone-for-disinformation/ p268 ; Media baiting is a huge portion ; Wilson, Cam, 'Leaked neo-Nazis’ manual reveals they’re manipulating Australia’s media to recruit new members', Crikey, 20 April 2021 link= https://www.crikey.com.au/2021/04/20/leaked-neo-nazi-manual-manipulating-media-recruit/ p269 ; mapped by researchers at Harvard ; Benkler, Y., et al, 'Mail-in voter fraud: Anatomy of a disinformation campaign', Berkman Center Research Publication, 2020 link= https://cyber.harvard.edu/publication/2020/Mail-in-Voter-Fraud-Disinformation-2020 p269 ; Just by showing up for work ; Phillips, Whitney, The Oxygen of Amplification: Better Practices for Reporting on Extremists, Antagonists, and Manipulators Online, Data & Society, 2018 link= https://datasociety.net/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/FULLREPORT_Oxygen_of_Amplification_DS.pdf p270 ; Claire Wardle’s work with First Draft ; Wardle, Claire, '10 questions to ask before covering misinformation', First Draft, 29 September 2017 link= https://firstdraftnews.org/articles/10-questions-newsrooms/ ;;and '5 lessons for reporting in an age of disinformation', 27 December 2018 link= https://firstdraftnews.org/articles/5-lessons-for-reporting-in-an-age-of-disinformation/

p274 ; ‘Everyone should brush his ; Papageorgis, D., & McGuire, W.J., 'The generality of immunity to persuasion produced by pre-exposure to weakened counterarguments', The Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 1961, vol. 62(3), pp. 475-481 link= http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/h0048430 p275 ; an online game called Bad News ; www.getbadnews.com link= https://www.getbadnews.com/#intro p275 ; Bad News screenshot ; Image: Bad News Company/Gusmanson p276 ; Across all demographics ; Basol, M., Roozenbeek, J., & van der Linden, S., 'Good news about bad news: Gamified inoculation boosts confidence and cognitive immunity against fake news', Journal of Cognition, 2020, 3(1), p. 2 link= http://doi.org/10.5334/joc.91 p276 ; Go Viral! ; www.goviralgame.com link= https://www.goviralgame.com/en p276 ; ‘slowly lured into an echo chamber ; Basol M., et al, 'Towards psychological herd immunity: Cross-cultural evidence for two prebunking interventions against COVID-19 misinformation', Big Data & Society, January 2021 link= https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/20539517211013868 p277 ; GoViral! screenshot ; Image: Bad News Company/Gusmanson p277 ; Groups wishing to cast doubt ; Cook J., Lewandowsky S. & Ecker U.K.H., 'Neutralizing misinformation through inoculation: Exposing misleading argumentation techniques reduces their influence', PLoS ONE, 2017, vol. 12(5) link= https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0175799 p278 ; New Zealanders deserve a factual campaign ; Roy, Eleanor Ainge, 'Jacinda Ardern calls for 'factual and positive' New Zealand election campaign', The Guardian, 23 January 2020 link= https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/jan/23/jacinda-ardern-calls-for-factual-and-positive-new-zealand-election-campaign p280 ; a petition of 31,000 scientists ; van der Linden, S., et al, 'Inoculating the public against misinformation about climate change', Global Challenges, 2017, vol. 1(2) link= https://doi.org/10.1002/gch2.201600008 p280 ; prevent Russian Facebook bots ; Zerback,T., Töpfl, F., Knöpfle, M., 'The disconcerting potential of online disinformation: Persuasive effects of astroturfing comments and three strategies for inoculation against them', New Media & Society, 2021, vol. 23(5), pp. 1080-1098 link= https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444820908530 p280 ; anti-conspiratorial material first ; Jolley, D., & Douglas, K.M., 'Prevention is better than cure: Addressing anti-vaccine conspiracy theories', Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 2017, vol. 47(8), pp. 459–469 link= https://doi.org/10.1111/jasp.12453 p282 ; ‘obvious elite-driven triggering event ; Benkler, 2020 p282 ; believe Iraq had weapons ; Fairleigh Dickinson University Public Mind poll conducted 8-15 December 2014 link= https://web.archive.org/web/20151101032852/http://view2.fdu.edu/publicmind/2015/150107/ p284 ; ‘simple accuracy reminder’ ; Pennycook, 'Fighting COVID-19', 2020 link= https://psyarxiv.com/uhbk9/ p285 ; unbelievable 73 per cent‌ ; Dwoskin, Elizabeth & Timberg, Craig, 'Misinformation dropped dramatically the week after Twitter banned Trump and some allies', The Washington Post, 16 January 2021 link= https://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2021/01/16/misinformation-trump-twitter/ p286 ; original source of 20 per cent ; Election Integrity Partnership, Repeat Offenders: Voting Misinformation on Twitter in the 2020 United States Election, 29 October 2020 link= https://www.eipartnership.net/rapid-response/repeat-offenders p286 ; from just 111 accounts ; Dwoskin, 14 March 2021 p287 ; ‘We don’t allow anyone ; Sowman-Lund, Stewart, 'Advance NZ Facebook page shut down for ‘repeatedly’ spreading Covid-19 misinformation', The Spinoff, 15 October 2020 link= https://thespinoff.co.nz/politics/15-10-2020/advance-nz-facebook-page-shut-down-for-repeatedly-spreading-covid-19-misinformation/ p287 ; Hindu nationalist BJP ; Ajmal, Anam, 'Facebook bans T Raja Singh of BJP, tags him as a ‘dangerous individual’', The Times of India, 4 September 2020 link= https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/facebook-bans-t-raja-singh-of-bjp-tags-him-as-a-dangerous-individual/articleshow/77907922.cms p288 ; GETTR ; McGraw, Meredith, Nguyen, Tina & Lima, Cristiano, 'Team Trump quietly launches new social media platform', Politico, 1 July 2021 link= https://www.politico.com/news/2021/07/01/gettr-trump-social-media-platform-497606

p289 ; ;For a great summary of the psychology of changing a mind, see al-Gharbi, Musa, 'Three strategies for navigating moral disagreements', Heterodox, 16 February 2018 link= https://heterodoxacademy.org/blog/three-strategies-moral-disagreements/ p290 ; less likely you are to change your mind ; West, R.F., Meserve, R.J. & Stanovich, K.E., 'Cognitive sophistication does not attenuate the bias blind spot', Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 2012, Vol. 103(3), pp. 506 –519 link= https://keithstanovich.com/Site/Research_on_Reasoning_files/West_Stanovich_JPSP2012.pdf p290 ; more difficult to sway you with facts. ; Kahan, D.M., 'Ideology, motivated reasoning, and cognitive reflection: An experimental study', Judgment and Decision Making, 2013, vol. 8, pp. 407-424 link= http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2182588 p290 ; more likely to discriminate ; Henry, P.J. & Napier, J.L., 'Education is related to greater ideological prejudice', Public Opinion Quarterly, 2017, Vol. 81(4), pp. 930–942 link= https://doi.org/10.1093/poq/nfx038 p291 ; only polarise them further ; Kahan, D.M., 'The cognitively illiberal state', Stanford Law Review, 2007, Vol. 60 link= https://ssrn.com/abstract=963929 p292 ; about their property values ; Palm, R. & Bolsen, T., Climate Change and Sea Level Rise in South Florida: The View of Coastal Residents, Springer: Coastal Research Library, 2020 link= https://www.springer.com/gp/book/9783030326012 ;; Article discussing their research link= https://theconversation.com/sea-level-rise-wont-affect-my-house-even-flood-maps-dont-sway-florida-coastal-residents-130433 p292 ; Both Israeli settlers ; Ginges, J., et al, 'Sacred bounds on rational resolution of violent political conflict,' Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2007, vol.104(18), pp. 7357-360 link= https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1863499/ p292 ; Sharia Law ; Ginges, J. & Atran, S., 'Noninstrumental reasoning over sacred values: An Indonesian case study', in B.H. Ross (ed), Psychology of Learning and Motivation, Academic Press, Vol. 50, 2009, pp. 193-206 link= https://doi.org/10.1016/S0079-7421(08)00406-4 p293 ; The danger of global warming ; Thatcher, Margaret, Speech at 2nd World Climate Conference, 6 November 1990 link= https://www.margaretthatcher.org/document/108237 p293 ; It showed videos ; Goldberg, M.H., et al, 'Shifting Republican views on climate change through targeted advertising', Nature Climate Change, 2021, vol. 11, pp. 573–577 link= https://www.nature.com/articles/s41558-021-01070-1.epdf p294 ; free market conservatives ; Dixon, G., Hmielowski, J. & Ma, Y., “Improving climate change acceptance among U.S. conservatives through value-based message targeting', Science Communication, 2017, vol. 39(4), pp. 520–534 link= https://doi.org/10.1177/1075547017715473 p295 ; That's my pistol you're wearing ; Jones, J. The Thin Red Line, New York: Scribner, 1962 pp.13-14 p300 ; This can be as simple as listening ; Kalla, J.L. & Broockman, D.E., ‘Reducing exclusionary attitudes through interpersonal conversation: Evidence from three field experiments', The American Political Science Review, 2020, vol. 114(2), p. 410 link= https://www.vox.com/2016/4/7/11380974/reduce-prejudice-science-transgender p301 ; Dare to know! ; Kant, I., 'An answer to the question: What is enlightenment?', In M.J. Gregor (ed.), Practical Philosophy. The Cambridge Edition of the Works of Immanuel Kant, Cambridge University Press, 1999, pp. 11–12 p301 ; small intimate ‘enclaves’ ; Karpowitz, C., et al, 'Deliberative democracy and inequality: Two cheers for enclave deliberation among the disempowered', Politics & Society, 2009, vol.37(4), pp. 576–615 link= https://doi.org/10.1177/0032329209349226 p303 ; ‘Adversaries attribute ; Waytz, A., Young, L.L. & Ginges, J., 'Motive attribution asymmetry for love vs. hate drives intractable conflict', Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 2014, vol.111(44), pp. 15687-15692 link= https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1414146111 p304 ; The‌ Debunking Handbook ; Lewandowsky, et al., 2020 link= https://www.climatechangecommunication.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/10/DebunkingHandbook2020.pdf

p306 ; ‘Winning the Story Wars.’ ; Sachs, J., Winning the Story Wars: Why Those Who Tell - and Live - The Best Stories Will Rule the Future, Boston, Mass: Harvard Business Review Press, 2012 p307 ; Although smaller in overall size ; Johnson, N.F., et al, 'The online competition between pro- and anti-vaccination views', Nature, 2020, vol. 582, pp. 230–233 link= https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-020-2281-1 p308 ; ‘Labor did not craft ; Review of Labor’s 2019 Federal Election Campaign, 2019 link= https://alp.org.au/media/2043/alp-campaign-review-2019.pdf p310 ; by providing an ‘alternative account’ ; O’Rear, A.E., Radvansky, G.A., 'Failure to accept retractions: A contribution to the continued influence effect, Memory & Cognition, 2020, vol. 48, pp. 127–144 link= https://doi.org/10.3758/s13421-019-00967-9 p311 ; ‘It’s one person coming in from China. ; Interview with CNBC's Joe Kernen, Davos, 22 January 2020 link= https://www.cnbc.com/2020/01/22/trump-on-coronavirus-from-china-we-have-it-totally-under-control.html p311 ; We got a ton of heat ; Myers, Robbie, 'Tara McGowan will get inside your head', Marie Claire, 2 November 2020 link= https://www.marieclaire.com/politics/a34520563/tara-mcgowan-acronym-interview/ p312 ; when UK artist Dan Baines ; 'Fairy fool sparks huge response', BBC, 1 April 2007 link= http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/england/derbyshire/6514283.stm p313 ; Curiosity promotes open‐minded ; Kahan, D.M., et al, 'Science curiosity and political information processing', Political Psychology, 2017, vol. 38, pp. 179-199 link= https://doi.org/10.1111/pops.12396 p315 ; guess the level of welfare ; Kuklinski, J.H., et al, 'Misinformation and the currency of democratic citizenship', The Journal of Politics, 2000, vol. 62(3), pp. 790-816 link= http://www.jstor.org/stable/2647960 p315 ; messengers for their supporters ; Swire et al, 2017 p316 ; social media posts from peers ; Paek, H.J., et al, 'Peer or expert? The persausive impact of YouTube public service announcement producers', International Journal of Advertising, 2011, vol. 30, pp. 161-188 link= https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.2501/IJA-30-1-161-188 p317 ; 83 per cent‌ of gun owners; Public Policy Polling survey of gun owners conducted November 11-12, 2015 link= https://cdn.americanprogress.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/17054452/PPP-GunOwnersPollResults-11.17.15.pdf?_ga=2.16921977.1153330242.1630837015-1269068169.1630837015 ;85 per cent of Trump voters ; USA TODAY/Suffolk University Poll of Trump voters conducted August 20-25 2019 link= https://www.suffolk.edu/-/media/suffolk/documents/academics/research-at-suffolk/suprc/polls/national/2019/9_9_2019_tables_pdftxt.pdf?la=en&hash=33539BEBAD98279FA0FB19AA9366C6979B1B7EC7"

PART 6